gramatica engleza

HAVE si HAVE GOT

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HAVE si HAVE GOT

 

We have a house and a nice car.
We have got a house and a nice car.
(We’ve got a house and a nice car.)

A avea (a poseda)  =>  have got

Numai la Present Simple

Afirmativ:   
I have got
you have got
he/she/it/ has got
we have got
you have got
they have got

Negativ:
I haven’t got
you haven’t got
he/she/it/ hasn’t got
we haven’t got
you haven’t got
they haven’t got

Interogativ:
Have I got…?
have you got…?
has he/she/it got…?
have we got…?
have you got…?
have they got…?

A avea  => to have

Present Simple

Afirmativ:  (dupa schema  S + V)     
I have
you have
he/she/it/ has
we have
you have
they have

Negativ (dupa schema S + do/does + not + V):
I don’t have
you don’t have
he/she/it/ doesn’t have
we don’t have
you don’t have
they don’t have

Interogativ (dupa schema  Do/Does + S + V):
Do I have…?
Do you have…?
DOES he/she/it/ have…?
Do we have…?
Do you have…?
Do they have…?

A NU se confunda cu urmatoarele:

Have to = have got to (a trebui sa, a fi obligat sa)

“Have you got to do all these?”
“Yes, I’ve got to do them all.”

Get – got – got (gotten)

When did you get your car?”
“I got it last year.

His sons have got a lot of presents.

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Articolul nehotarat

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Articolul nehotarat


 

a; an = un, o => in functie de sunetul cu care incepe cuvantul precedat de articol

a => consoane si semivocalele [w] si [j]

an => vocale

· a bank manager; a great opportunity; a meeting, a jungle; a house; a BMW

· an idea; an interesting book; an hour; an orange dress; an umbrella; an LP

· !! a window, a whisper; a uniform, a university, a universe of my own; a year; a European

Cand se foloseste

· In fata unui substantiv care denumeste profesia, meseria sau nationalitatea ( dupa “to be” sau “to become”)

He wants to become a politician.
My neighbour is an Englishman.
Her husband is a catholic.
Dan is a plumber.

· Cu anumite expresii de masuri (cantitate, distanta, timp)

I think I’ll finish in half an hour.
He was driving at 70 miles an hour.
He’s an Englishman. He drinks tea once a day, at about five o’clock.
This would help a great deal/ a lot.

· Expresii cu “what a…”

What a pretty girl!
What a foggy morning!
What an interesting idea!
What a pity!

Testeaza ce ai retinut:

_____ experiment
_____ universal law
______ discussion
______ utopian idea
______ extreme sport
______ honourable man

Exercitii Present Perfect Simple/Present Perfect Continuous/Past Simple

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1.”You (read) Think and grow rich”?

2. “Not yet. I mean I (start) reading it five months ago, but I (not finish) it.”

3. “Do you mean you (read) it for a few months?”

4. “Well, not exactly. Meanwhile, I (read) other books, too. I always (like) Anthony Robbins. In fact I (send) him an email. I (wait) for his answer since then.”

5. “Oh, this is interesting! When and how it (occur) to you to write an email? I never (think) about it.”

6. “To be honest I (think) about it since I (read) his first book.”

7.”I see. Well, it seems that you (be) very busy lately. I suppose you also (need) a lot of free time these months…”

Rezolvarea si explicatiile in videoclip:

SO si SUCH

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SO si SUCH

 

 

  • SO

 

Dupa “so” urmeaza un adjectiv sau un adverb, precum si determinantii

“much”, “many”, “little” si “few”.

 

The book is so good.

 

What you are telling me is so amazing!

 

They left so far away.

 

This artist sings so beautifully.

 

There were so many people in the market.

 

So much has been said about it.

 

Pentru a exprima motivul si rezultatul (cauza si efectul):

 

 

  • SO …. THAT….

 

Dupa SO urmeaza un adjectiv, iar dupa THAT urmeaza o propozitie.

 

The book was so good that I read it a second time.

 

She is so sleepy that she can barely keep her eyes open.

 

La fel putem avea si:

 

  • SO …. AS TO….

 

He was so stupid as to take whatever she said for granted.

 

Your grandmother is so kind as to do everything you want.

 

 

  • SUCH

 

 

  •  Cu adjective si substantive:

 

Such nice people…

 

It’s such a beautiful day!

 

 

Pentru a exprima motivul si rezultatul (cauza si efectul):

 

  • SUCH (a/an) …. THAT….

 

Dupa SUCH urmeaza un adjectiv si un  substantiv, iar dupa THAT urmeaza o propozitie.

 

My friend is reading such an interesting book that he keeps on talking about it.

 

She ate such good cakes in Austria that she got fat during the holiday.

 

They have such good beer that people usually order more.

 

Observatie:

Daca substantivul de langa “such” este numarabil, atunci se pune articolul nehotarat (a, an). Daca substantivul este nenumarabil sau este la plural, atunci nu mai putem pune un articol hotarat.

 

Altele:

 

So that…

I explained a lot so that you could understand the matter.

 

So as to….

They left early so as to be there at 8 sharp.

 

Such as…

When the children visited the zoo, they saw different animals such as lions, gorillas, giraffes and so on.

 

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Pronume personale

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Pronume personale subiecte si complemente 

 

Foarte des se confunda pronumele personale care pot fi doar in cazul nominativ (subiecte, nume predicative) cu pronumele personale care se pun pe pozitia de complement.

 

 

         SUBIECT

COMPLEMENT

I

 Me => mine, mă, -mi-, imi,

You

 You => tine, -te-, tie, iti,-ti-;

He

 Him => lui, îi, -i-;  (prepozitie) el

She

 Her => ei, îi, -i;  (prepozitie) ea

It

 It => lui/ei, îi, -i-

We

 Us => nouă, ne, ni;  (prepozitie) noi

You

 You => vouă, vă, vi-, v-;  (prepozitie) voi

They

 Them => lor, le, li-;  (prepozitie) lor

 

 

Este simplu sa vezi subiectul unei propozitii. Cele mai multe greseli se fac, insa, in folosirea pronumelor complemente.

 

Exemple:

 

Tell me a joke, please!  = Spune-mi o gluma, te rog!

 

He brought the chocolate for me = A adus ciocolata pentru mine.

*

I told you… = Ti-am spus eu…

 

We are going to invite you, too. = O sa te invitam si pe tine.

*

She went with him. = A mers cu el.

 

Can you give him this book? = Poti sa-i dai cartea asta?

*

I told her about the accident. = I-am spus (ei) despre accident.

 

They talked about her at the meeting. = Au vorbit despre ea la sedinta.

*

I gave it a bone. = I-am dat un os.

 

She has a dog and she walks it every day. = Are un caine si il plimba in fiecare zi.

*

Our parents gave us a lot of money. = Ne-au dat parintii o gramada de bani.

 

They believe in us and in our potential. = Cred in noi si in potentialul nostru.

*

Have they told you the good news? = V-au spus vestea cea buna?

 

Who laughed at you? = Cine a ras de voi?

*

I must talk to them. = Trebuie sa vorbesc cu ei.

 

The teacher sent them the results yesterday. = Profesorul le-a trimis ieri rezultatele.

 

 

Pronumele in cazul nominativ pun si ele probleme atunci cand sunt nume predicative.

 

In engleza vorbita se folosesc mai degraba pronumele complemente, chiar daca avem un nume predicativ (despre care stim ca sta in cazul nominativ).

 

It’s me at your door. = Eu sunt la usa ta.  (colocvial)

It is I at your door. = Eu sunt la usa ta.  (mai bine)

*

It’s him. = El este. (colovvial)

It’s he. (mai bine)

 

O alta problema consta in alegerea pronumelui dupa “as” si dupa “than”.

 

:

My sister is as young as me/I.  (??)

 

Corect: My sister is as young as I.  (verifica daca se poate continua propozitia cu predicat: My sister is as young as I am.)

Poti auzi, insa, si “My sister is as young as me” in engleza vorbita, colocviala.

 

La fel si pentru un comparativ:

:

He is younger than I. (than I am)

Colocvial merge si “He is younger than me.”

 

Atentie! Se poate intampla chiar uneori sa se schimbe sensul unei propozitii daca folosesti pronumele-subiect in loc de pronumele-complement (sau invers.)

 

Exemplu:

Her boyfriend would rather tell her than me.

Prietenul ei i-ar spune mai degraba ei decat mie.

 

Sau:

:

Her boyfriend would rather tell her than I. (than I would rather tell her.)

Prietenul ei i-ar spune mai degraba decat eu. (decat sa-i spun eu ei.)

 

 

 

 

 

(a) few si (a) little

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Ce inseamna “few” si “little”.

Few = putini, putine

Little = putin, putina (desigur mai inseamna si “mic”, insa nu de acest sens ne ocupam noi acum)

Daca esti atent, poti observa ca in limba romana “putini”/”putine” poate fi folosit DOAR cu substantive numarabile.

Ex.:

  • putini baieti; putine fete
  • putin curaj; putina speranta

In engleza lucrurile stau exact la fel.

“few” – se foloseste pentru substantive NUMARABILE

“little” – se foloseste pentru substantive NENUMARABILE

Exemple:

  • few oranges = putine portocale
  • few books = putine carti
  • few computers = putine calculatoare
  • few flowes = putine flori

etc.

  • little sugar = putin zahar
  • little coffee = putina cafea
  • little gold = putin aur
  • little time = putin timp

etc.

Singurul lucru care ar putea sa-ti puna probleme in a folosi corect “few” si “little” este acela ca in limba engleza exista unele substantive NEnumarabile care in limba romana sunt numarabile. De pilda, in engleza nu se numara: money (bani), advice (sfat), information (informatie) etc. Voi discuta despre substantivele NEnumarabile intr-o postare viitoare.

Am stabilit cand folosim “few” si “little”, sa vedem acum care e treaba cu “a few” si “a little”. In esenta regula este aceeasi:

“a few” se foloseste pentru substantive NUMARABILE,

“a little” pentru substantive NENUMARABILE.

Articolul nehotarat din fata lor, adica “a”, le adauga un plus de cantitate.

Astfel:

Few = putini, putine; a few = cativa, cateva

Little = putin, putina; a little = ceva, catva

Exemple:

We still have a few oranges.

Inca mai avem cateva portocale.

Yes, but there is little coffee left.

Da, dar a mai ramas putina cafea.

We have eaten few apples so far.

Am mancat putine mere pana acum.

Have you caught a cold? I think you should drink a little tea.

Ai racit? Cred ca ar trebui sa bei ceva ceai. (niste ceai).

 

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